Vitamin D is necessary for many functions within the body. Its most important role is increasing the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestines. These are vital minerals that make up the bones. In vitamin D deficiency, there are low levels of these minerals, which can result in softening of the bone (osteomalacia). Vitamin D is made naturally in the skin with exposure to sunlight. It can also be obtained by eating foods such as fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, and tuna fish) or cod liver oil. Some foods like milk, orange juice, yogurt, and cereal, have vitamin D added to them when they are made. Causes of vitamin D deficiency include low dietary intake, inadequate sunlight exposure, poor absorption, or kidney and liver diseases. Medications, such as phenytoin and phenobarbital, can also decrease levels.
Low vitamin D levels are detected with laboratory testing, and supplements may be recommended. Ergocalciferol (Calciferol, Drisdol) is a form of vitamin D and is available over-the-counter (OTC) for oral use as capsules, tablets, and a liquid. Drisdol also comes in an injectable form that requires a prescription. Another form of vitamin D, cholecalciferol, is also available OTC in oral formulations. The recommended daily intake of vitamin D varies based on age and health conditions.
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