Ask The Pharmacist

Canker Sore Treatments Available

2012-01-10T14:43:00.000-08:00

Canker sores are small lesions or sores that occur on the soft tissue in and around the mouth, including the cheeks, lips, and gums. These sores are not contagious, however they may cause pain. A minor canker sore is oval in shape and likely will clear itself within two weeks. Major canker sores are larger lesions that may last for an extended period of time and lead to scarring. Canker sores may be a result of an abnormally functioning immune system, bacteria, certain foods, hormonal changes, or emotional stress. In general, women are more susceptible to developing canker sores than men.

Although canker sores typically resolve without treatment, prescription and over-the-counter drugs are available to help relieve associated discomfort. Ibuprofen (Advil) and acetaminophen (Tylenol) are available over-the-counter for pain relief. Anbesol, Orajel, and Orabase, are other medications which are applied topically to decrease irritation to the sore when the person is eating or drinking. Equal amounts of Milk of Magnesia and Benadryl Allergy liquid are sometimes mixed to form an oral rinse. Drugs such as cimetidine (Tagamet) and colchicine, although indicated for other conditions, also may be useful for canker sores. As a last resort, oral steroid medications for short-term use may be prescribed.

Prevention of a Common Cause of Bleeding

2011-11-23T07:44:00.000-08:00

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura, also known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a common bleeding condition caused by a decrease in platelets in the blood. Children are more commonly affected than adults. A viral infection may cause the condition. Abnormalities of the immune system may also lead to ITP. Easy bruising can be a sign of the condition. Petechiae, which are small red or purple spots that appear on the skin due to bleeding, commonly occur in persons with ITP. Purpura is a rash of such spots related to the same cause. Nose bleeds and bleeding from the gums also may occur in persons with the condition.

While children with severe ITP may not be treated since the condition often resolves without treatment, adults with severe ITP typically are treated because it is less common for the condition to go away on its own. Treatment is aimed at preventing major bleeding. This is accomplished by treatments that improve the amount of platelets in the blood. Prednisone is sometimes prescribed to increase the platelet count. If glucocorticoid treatment is not sufficient, removal of the spleen may be considered. Rituximab (Rituxan) is a monoclonal antibody that may be an alternative to surgery, and may be prescribed in combination with glucocorticoid therapy.

Treatment for Myelofibrosis

2011-11-16T07:40:00.000-08:00

A sign of myelofibrosis is the disruption of the normal production of blood cells by the bone marrow. This disruption leads to scarring of the bone marrow, which impairs its ability to produce different types of cells. Normally, stem cells in the bone marrow lead to the development of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Anemia, increased risk of infections, and bleeding conditions can develop as a result of myelofibrosis. Bone pain can also result. In response to the deficiency, the liver and spleen attempt to produce the cells that are lacking, and these organs can become enlarged. A genetic mutation leads to myelofibrosis, although the exact cause of the mutation is unknown.Persons over age 50 are more likely than others to develop the condition.

A stem cell transplant is the only treatment currently available for a cure of myelofibrosis. Medications are available to treat conditions that may develop as a result of myelofibrosis for persons who are not able to receive a transplant. Hydroxyurea (Hydrea) works to decrease the size of an enlarged spleen, normalize cell production, and improve bone pain and other symptoms. Fluoxymesterone (Androxy) may be prescribed along with prednisone, to improve production of red blood cells for persons with anemia.

Vision Loss: These Treatments May Help

2011-11-09T07:38:00.000-08:00

Optic neuritis is characterized by inflammation and destruction of nerve tissue in the eye. Persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) are likely to experience this condition. Optic neuritis may also be the first sign of MS, however not all persons who are affected by the condition will be diagnosed with MS. Women are more likely than men to develop optic neuritis, and the condition typically affects persons between the ages of 20 and 40 years. Signs and symptoms of the condition include eye pain and vision loss, usually in one eye. An abnormality of the immune system and genetics may also play a role.

Vision typically improves in several weeks without treatment. Methylprednisolone is a corticosteroid that can be administered intravenously for treatment of optic neuritis. If an MRI reveals a high risk of developing
MS, immunomodulator medications may be prescribed. Avonex, a type of interferon beta-1a, is a medication that is injected into the muscle once per week, which may reduce the risk of developing MS. Rebif, another
type of interferon beta-1a, is also prescribed for the treatment of MS. This medication is injected subcutaneously three times a week. Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) is another type of immunomodulator for treatment and prevention of MS. This medication is also injected subcutaneously.

Two Different Types of Bronchitis

2011-11-02T07:02:00.000-07:00

A typical sign of acute bronchitis is a cough that lasts for at least 5 days, possibly several weeks. In contrast, chronic bronchitis is a condition that affects persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). With chronic bronchitis, the cough lasts for at least 3 months, and occurs at least once per year over two years in a row. Acute bronchitis is typically caused by an infection with a virus in the upper airway, which leads to inflammation of the lungs. Influenza viruses may cause acute bronchitis. A fever may indicate that influenza is the cause of the condition. Symptoms similar to those of the common cold may also be present with acute bronchitis.

For treatment of cold symptoms of acute bronchitis, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, and nasal decongestants may help. With rare exceptions, antibiotics should typically not be used for treatment of acute bronchitis since a virus rather than bacteria is most commonly the cause of the condition. For persons infected with influenza viruses, the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza) may be prescribed. For persons diagnosed with COPD experiencing an exacerbation, albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) and ipratropium (Atrovent) are short-acting inhaled medications that may be prescribed.

What Causes Torsades de pointes?

2011-10-30T13:16:00.000-07:00

Torsades de Pointes (TdP) is a type of arrhythmia that can be life-threatening. Persons with long QT syndrome (LQTS) are at an increased risk of developing TdP. The QT interval is measured on an electrocardiogram (ECG). Torsades de pointes means “twisting of the points”, which refers to the appearance on the ECG during the condition. Long QT syndrome can be caused by genetics, certain types of medications, or low magnesium or low potassium levels. Antiarrhythmic medications (such as quinidine), macrolide antibiotics (such as azithromycin [Zithromax] and clarithromycin [Biaxin]), and certain antipsychotic medications (such as haloperidol [Haldol]) can lead to an increased risk of developing LQTS. Taking multiple medications that prolong the QT interval should be avoided. Signs and symptoms of LQTS may include fainting or seizures.

If TdP occurs, any medication that may be causing the condition should be stopped. If low magnesium or potassium is the cause, treatment should be aimed at restoring normal levels. For persons who are diagnosed with LQTS because of a genetic cause, a beta blocker such as propranolol (Inderal) may be prescribed. A pacemaker may be needed to prevent abnormal heart rhythms.

Diverticulosis Versus Diverticulitis

2011-10-23T13:14:00.000-07:00

Diverticulosis is a condition characterized by small pouches that bulge from the colon, known as diverticula. Diverticulitis occurs when the pouches are infected or inflamed. The condition increases in prevalence with increasing age. A low fiber diet, a high fat diet, or high red meat consumption can increase the risk of developing diverticulitis. Lack of physical activity and obesity can also increase the risk of developing the condition. Symptoms of diverticulosis may include bloating, constipation and cramps. Symptoms of diverticulitis may include stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and chills. Diverticulosis may be discovered during an exam, such as a colonoscopy.

Generally, persons who have been affected by either condition are encouraged to consume a high fiber diet. Diverticulosis without symptoms does not require treatment. If mild diverticulitis occurs, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that may be prescribed along with other antibiotics, such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim), metronidazole (Flagyl) or amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin). Peritonitis is an infection of the abdomen that could occur as a complication of diverticulitis, and may require immediate surgery.

Treatment for Serotonin Syndrome

2011-10-16T11:28:00.000-07:00

Serotonin syndrome may occur when there is too much serotonin in the central nervous system. This condition can be caused by a drug interaction, such as when multiple medications that increase serotonin levels are taken together. Serotonin syndrome can be life-threatening. Anxiety, disorientation, sweating, increased heart rate, and increased blood pressure are signs and symptoms of the condition. A tremor or twitching may also develop. Symptoms typically begin within the first day after starting a new medication or increasing the dose of a medication that increases serotonin.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as paroxetine (Paxil) and citalopram (Celexa), have the potential to cause serotonin syndrome. Tramadol (Ultram), bupropion (Wellbutrin), and venlafaxine (Effexor) are examples of other medications that increase serotonin levels. If the condition occurs, these types of medications should be stopped. A benzodiazepine, such as diazepam (Valium), may be given to treat agitation and also small increases in blood pressure and heart rate. If blood pressure and heart rate are severely increased, esmolol (Brevibloc) is a medication for the heart that may be prescribed. If additional treatment is still needed, cyproheptadine is an antidote that may be administered.

Two Types of Stroke

2011-10-09T11:26:00.000-07:00

A stroke is a cerebrovascular condition that is classified as either ischemic or hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke occurs from a lack of blood to the brain. Hemorrhagic stroke is a consequence of bleeding from an artery to the brain. Ischemic stroke is the more common of the two. A thrombosis, resulting from plaque buildup in the arteries, or embolism can lead to ischemic stroke. An embolism can occur when a portion of a thrombus breaks off and travels to the brain. Signs that a stroke may be occurring include a drooping appearance on one side of the face, arm numbness, and difficulty speaking. Emergency medical attention should be sought immediately as time is critical in the outcome of a stroke.
For treatment of ischemic stroke, alteplase (Activase) is a thrombolytic medication used intravenously within the first hours following the start of stroke symptoms to restore blood flow to the brain. Alteplase works to dissolve a clot; however, it can lead to bleeding in the brain. For persons who are not able to receive this medication, antithrombotic medications may be used to prevent new clots from forming. Antithrombotics include aspirin, heparin, and low-molecular-weight heparin. Aspirin is an antiplatelet medication that should be started within the first day or two after a stroke. Surgery may be necessary for the treatment of a hemorrhagic stroke.

What Causes a Sore Throat?

2011-10-02T11:24:00.000-07:00

A sore throat is usually caused by an infection with bacteria or viruses. Strep throat is a sore throat caused by bacteria. Throat pain, fever, enlarged neck glands, and white patches in the throat are signs and symptoms of strep throat. A rapid test using a throat swab can be used at a doctor’s office to determine if the cause of symptoms is bacteria. Cough, runny nose, and itchy red eyes are common symptoms that are more likely to indicate that a sore throat is caused by a virus. Influenza viruses, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses are different types of viruses that can cause a sore throat.

Frequent and thorough hand washing is an essential component of preventing the spread of infections. For strep throat, an antibiotic such as penicillin or amoxicillin (Moxatag) may be prescribed for treatment of the infection, and to prevent spread of the infection to other persons. However, if a virus is the cause of infection, an antibiotic would not be beneficial. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) may be taken for relief of pain. Children should not be given aspirin due to the risk of Reye syndrome. Cough drops may be used to alleviate dryness and pain, and may contain menthol for cooling or an anesthetic such as benzocaine for pain relief.

Lupus: How to Treat and What to Avoid

2011-04-24T07:01:00.000-07:00

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune condition which shows up as inflammation and damage to the skin, joints, lungs, kidneys, nervous system, and other organs. The immune system mistakenly attacks the normally functioning body. Persons affected may experience alternating periods of relapse and remission. Common signs and symptoms include weight loss, muscle aches, joint pain, fatigue, and fever. The exact cause of SLE is unknown, however, an infection, stress, or surgery could trigger the condition. Certain medications that can make the condition worse, including penicillin, should be avoided.

Direct sunlight exposure should also be avoided. A sunscreen with a high SPF is usually recommended. If high cholesterol develops, a low-fat diet is recommended. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for treatment of muscle aches, joint pain, and fever. Antimalarials, such as hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), decrease the immune system’s attack of the body, and may be prescribed for treatment of muscle, joint, and skin damage. Belimumab (Benlysta) is a new medication recently approved for the treatment of lupus. It works to decrease the amount of abnormal cells responsible for the condition.

An Anemia that Occurs in Childhood

2011-04-17T06:57:00.000-07:00

An anemia called Beta-thalassemia major (BTM) results in a deficiency in the production of a hemoglobin component known as beta globin chains. In affected newborns, signs and symptoms generally begin to appear after 6 months of age. Early signs and symptoms of the condition include irritability, pale skin, or yellow skin. Facial features are also affected, changing in response to expansion of bone marrow. The bones are affected, and osteoporosis may become an issue for persons diagnosed with BTM.

Persons diagnosed with BTM usually depend on regular blood transfusions throughout their life. Transfusions can help with childhood growth and development, and can also lead to reduced infections. However, blood transfusions can lead to iron overload, which can damage organs. Iron chelators are often used to help remove excess iron. Removal of the spleen may be needed. Persons affected by BTM should regularly participate in physical activity for prevention of osteoporosis. Also, it is important to get enough calcium and vitamin D to prevent osteoporosis. Bisphosphonate medications, such as alendronate (Fosamax), and calcitonin (Miacalcin) may be prescribed. These medications inhibit osteoclasts, which are the cells that break down bone.

Treatments for this Debilitating Condition

2011-04-10T06:32:00.000-07:00

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a condition of the neurologic system. Tremors, slowed movement, and inflexibility occur. A loss of a transmitter chemical known as dopamine leads to a breakdown of connections in the brain and the characteristic symptoms of the condition. Persons with the condition experience tremors at rest, which typically become progressively more apparent over time. The tremor typically begins in the hand, and then spreads to the other side over the next several years. A decreased ability to use the fingers to accomplish daily tasks occurs. Stiffness and pain in the joints may occur.

Treatments options for PD include levodopa, dopamine agonists, and medications called COMT inhibitors. Levodopa is converted to dopamine in the brain and can help with the tremor and rigidity of PD. Levodopa is often taken in combination with carbidopa (Sinemet) to decrease side effects. Bromocriptine (Parlodel), pramipexole (Mirapex), and ropinirole (Requip) are dopamine agonists, which act by stimulating dopamine receptors, and thereby improve the balance of dopamine in the brain. Tolcapone (Tasmar) and entacapone (Comtan) are COMT inhibitors, and work when taken with levodopa. They may extend and improve the effects of levodopa.

Treatment Options for Joint Pain

2011-04-03T06:24:00.000-07:00

Arthritis is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation and swelling of the joints. The joints of the fingers, wrists, and toes are typically first affected. The shoulders, knees, and ankles may be involved. Affected persons may experience periods of remission, however treatment is typically needed for remission to occur. Damage to the joints caused by the condition is ususally irreversible.

Exercise can lessen the pain associated with arthritis. Daily activities, such as housework and shopping, can also help. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be taken to reduce inflammation. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) also work to decrease inflammation, and prevent damage to the joints. Methotrexate (Rheumatrex), hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), sulfasalazine (Azulfidine), and leflunomide (Arava) are examples of DMARDs. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, such as etanercept (Enbrel), adalimumab (Humira), and golimumab (Simponi), bind to a specific substance that is involved with the arthritis inflammatory process. Glucocorticoids, such as prednisone and prednisolone, work to decrease inflammation, pain, and swelling. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and tramadol (Ultram) may be taken to alleviate pain, however do not work to decrease inflammation.

Manage Stress-Related Headaches

2011-02-13T18:07:00.000-08:00

Headaches are one of the most common reasons for a visit to the doctor or emergency room. Tension or stress-related headaches produce the most common type of headache pain. They occur most commonly in adulthood, between 20 and 50 years of age, although many persons experience their first tension headache before turning 20. Stress is one trigger of tension headaches. Depression and anxiety can also be a cause. The pain is often described as a dull pressure, or tightness around the head.

Persons who experience tension headaches may benefit from methods to manage stress, such as relaxation techniques. Medications are available over-the-counter (OTC) and with a prescription to treat tension headaches. Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and naproxen (Aleve) are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications that are available. Excedrin containing a combination of aspirin, acetaminophen, and caffeine may be used. If OTC medications do not work in relieving pain, NSAIDs are available with a prescription, such as naproxen (Naprosyn) and indomethacin (Indocin). If headaches occur frequently (2 or more times per week), a tricyclic antidepressant, such as nortriptyline (Pamelor), may be prescribed for headache prevention. It may take a few weeks before this type of medication shows benefit.

Medications for Treating Bronchitis

2011-02-06T18:04:00.000-08:00

Bronchitis is an infection and inflammatory condition of the airways. A normally functioning respiratory tract provides defense against infection. However, if these defenses are impaired, an infection of the lower respiratory tract could occur. Respiratory viruses typically cause bronchitis; however, the condition could also be caused by bacteria. Bronchitis may be classified as acute or chronic. Although both types may occur at any age, chronic bronchitis occurs more commonly in adults. Cough that lasts a week or longer is a common symptom of acute bronchitis. A fever may also occur.

Typically acute bronchitis will resolve without treatment. However, treatments are available to help alleviate symptoms. Persons with bronchitis should drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. Medications for fever include acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin). Dextromethorphan (Delsym) is a cough suppressant that is available over-the-counter and may be used to treat a mild, persistent cough. For a cough that is more severe, codeine may be prescribed. Although the majority of persons with bronchitis do not need an antibiotic, older individuals or those with a reduced functioning immune system may be prescribed an antibiotic, such as azithromycin (Zithromax) or levofloxacin (Levaquin).

What is Still’s Disease?

2010-12-26T14:17:00.000-08:00

Adult Still’s disease (ASD) is a rare inflammatory condition characterized by fever, arthritis, and rash. Persons affected by the condition may experience daily fevers. They may also experience joint pain and muscle pain. The joints of the knees, wrists, ankles, and elbows are commonly affected. Sore throat can also occur as a result of the condition. Adult Still’s disease can last less than one year, fluctuate between flares and remissions, or occur persistently. Women are more commonly affected than men.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologics are treatment options for ASD. If the condition is mild, NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn), may be prescribed. Glucocorticoids, such as methylprednisolone (Medrol, Solu-Medrol), may be used for more severe symptoms. For persons that are affected by Still’s disease over a long period of time, medications that suppress the immune system may be needed. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) inhibitor medications, such as anakinra (Kineret) and rituximab (Rituxan) may be prescribed. DMARDs, such as methotrexate (Rheumatrex) and cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune), may be used if other medications do not work well.

What Can Be Done for Thrombocytopenia?

2010-12-19T14:15:00.000-08:00

Thrombocytopenia is a blood condition in which there is a decrease in the amount of blood platelets. Platelets normally function to stick together, or clot, to prevent bleeding. Persons with thrombocytopenia are at an increased risk of bleeding, due to a decreased ability of the blood to clot and stop bleeding. The cause of the condition may be unknown. Certain viral infections or certain medications may cause a temporary reduction in platelets. Signs and symptoms of thrombocytopenia include bruising, small red or purple dots on the skin, nose bleeds, or an extended duration of bleeding from a minor cut. If the condition is mild there may not be any symptoms.

Some persons with a diagnosis of thrombocytopenia may not require treatment, including persons with a mild condition or persons who inherited the condition. A corticosteroid such as prednisone (Sterapred) may be prescribed to decrease the destruction of platelets. Immunoglobulin may be administered to increase the amount of platelets the body produces. A blood transfusion also could help to improve platelet count. Getting recommended vaccinations can indirectly help prevent the development of thrombocytopenia by helping prevent viral infections that can lead to the condition.

An Inherited Condition of the Blood

2010-12-12T14:14:00.000-08:00

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited condition characterized by abnormalities in the shape of red blood cells. The condition leads to decreased flow of blood throughout the body. Hemoglobin is a component of red blood cells that normally functions to carry oxygen in the blood. In persons with sickle cell anemia, a defect in hemoglobin leads to a decrease in the amount of oxygen that is carried throughout the body. The reduction in blood flow to certain parts of the body can lead to pain and increased susceptibility to infections. If blood flow to the brain is blocked, a stroke could result.

There are treatments available for persons with the condition. Folic acid is a vitamin that can be taken on a daily basis to help with the body’s replacement of damaged blood cells. Penicillin may be taken to prevent serious infections, such as pneumonia. Epoetin alfa (Epogen, Procrit) may be prescribed to improve the amount of normal circulating red blood cells. Hydroxyurea (Hydrea) may be prescribed for sickle cell disease. It is taken daily to help prevent sickle cells from forming. A blood transfusion could also improve the condition by increasing the amount of normal red blood cells circulating in the body. Persons affected with sickle cell anemia may be cured by a bone marrow transplant, however the procedure carries risks.

One Cause of Leg Muscle Pain

2010-12-05T14:11:00.000-08:00

Reduced blood flow to the legs may be caused by a condition called peripheral arterial disease (PAD). More specifically, atherosclerosis, or narrowed arteries, is a common cause of PAD. The condition can also be caused by a musculoskeletal disorder, peripheral neuropathy, or deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Peripheral arterial disease occurs more commonly after the age of 40. The risk of developing atherosclerosis is increased with smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. Symptoms of PAD include muscle pain, however many persons with the condition may not experience any symptoms. Pain can occur in the hips, legs, and feet. Symptoms typically become worse with exercise and improve with rest. In severe cases, gangrene, amputation, and death can result.

Persons who smoke should make efforts to quit. Exercise is also usually recommended. Antiplatelet medications, such as aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), and ticlopidine (Ticlid), may be used for the treatment of PAD. Aspirin also has a beneficial effect in prevention of heart attacks. Cilostazol (Pletal) may be prescribed. This medication works by suppressing platelet aggregation and through dilation of arteries. Pentoxifylline (Trental) works to improve blood flow. However, it is not considered the first treatment of choice.

Raynaud’s Disease Occurs During Cold Temperatures

2008-09-28T12:21:00.000-07:00

Raynaud’s disease occurs when the body reacts abnormally to cold temperatures or stress, resulting in cold sensations in the hands and feet. The body naturally decreases blood supply to the extremities during exposure to cold temperatures in order to maintain the core body temperature. A person who develops Raynaud’s experiences an increase in this response. Vasospasm, or a constriction of blood vessels, occurs in the arteries of the fingers and toes and leads to decreased blood flow during an attack. Emotional stress also may induce a Raynaud’s attack. Women, as well as persons living in colder climates, are more likely to be affected by this condition. Although skin color may change with an attack, altered skin appearance is temporary.

Although mild symptoms of Raynaud’s may be alleviated through preventive measures, prescription medications are available for more severe symptoms. Calcium channel blockers, such as nifedipine (Adalat, Procardia) and amlodipine (Norvasc), work to open up blood vessels and increase circulation to the hands and feet. Alpha blockers, such as prazosin (Minipress) and doxazosin (Cardura), may be prescribed. This last group of medications work to reduce constriction of blood vessels.

Malaria Prevention Important When Traveling

2008-09-21T12:19:00.000-07:00

Malaria is a potentially fatal condition transmitted by mosquitoes. Although malaria is rarely found in the United States, Americans are susceptible to the condition when traveling to areas where malaria is still prevalent. Signs of this condition include recurring attacks of shaking chills, high fever, and profuse sweating, accompanied by headache and gastrointestinal symptoms. Persons traveling to such malaria-endemic locations should be cautious about prevention of malaria before departing the United States.

Medications are available for both the prevention and treatment of malaria. Mefloquine (Lariam), doxycycline (Doryx, Vibramycin), and a combination of atovaquone and proguanil (Malarone) may be prescribed for persons planning to travel to malaria-endemic locations. For malaria prevention, medications may be prescribed to be taken for up to several weeks prior to departure, during the trip, and for up to four weeks after returning from the area. Although these types of medications should be avoided in pregnancy, chloroquine (Aralen) or mefloquine (Lariam) may be prescribed during the second and third trimester if needed. Mosquito repellent, protective clothing and netting are also recommended when in an area where malaria is of concern.

Scarlet Fever Commonly Caused by Strep Throat

2008-09-14T12:17:00.000-07:00

Children between the ages of 5 and 15 are most likely to be affected by scarlet fever. Typical signs and symptoms of this condition include an extensive rash, flushed face, sore throat, and high fever. Streptococcus pyogenes is the bacteria responsible for causing both strep throat and scarlet fever. This bacteria type is contagious and may be transmitted through coughing, sneezing, or touching objects an infected person has touched and then touching their nose or mouth. Persons may carry the bacteria without symptoms.

Antibiotics may be prescribed for persons who become infected. Penicillin, amoxicillin (Amoxil, Trimox), and azithromycin (Zithromax) are antibiotics sometimes prescribed. Other antibiotics prescribed may include clarithromycin (Biaxin), clindamycin (Cleocin), and cephalexin (Keflex). Other treatment measures include using over-the-counter medications, with the approval of the child’s physician, and providing adequate fluids. Over-the-counter medications, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and acetaminophen (Tylenol), may help to alleviate fever and discomfort. Children may prevent scarlet fever infection through regular hand washing and refraining from sharing drinking glasses or eating utensils.

Shingle Treatments Reduce Symptom Severity

2008-09-07T12:15:00.000-07:00

Shingles is an infection caused by the varicella zoster virus (VZV), a herpes virus. The infection typically causes a painful red rash. This is the same virus that causes chicken pox, and may become active again later in life in persons who have previously had chickenpox. Symptoms of shingles could include tingling, blistering of the skin, itching, fever, and headache. A rash on only one side of the body is characteristic. This condition occurs more commonly in older adults, as well as persons with weakened immune systems. Decreased immunity to infections due to aging may be a contributing factor. Although shingles is not contagious, the virus may be transmitted to persons who have not previously been infected, and could cause chickenpox in the exposed individuals.

Treatment may consist of antiviral drugs, anti-inflammatory medications, and pain relievers. Oral antivirals, such as acyclovir (Zovirax), valacyclovir (Valtrex), and famcicolvir (Famvir), may be prescribed to help decrease the duration and severity of symptoms. A corticosteroid, such as prednisone, may be prescribed to decrease inflammation. A herpes zoster vaccine (Zostavax) is available for prevention of shingles. It is recommended that persons over 60 receive the Zostavax vaccine.

Tourette Syndrome: Drugs May be Helpful

2008-08-31T12:00:00.000-07:00

One to two percent of Americans are affected by a condition called Tourette syndrome. This is a neurological disorder in which the person experiences involuntary movements or sounds, known as tics. Examples include repeated eye blinking, shoulders shrugs, or quick movements of the head. Children and adults may be affected. Males are three to four times more likely to develop this condition. Children generally grow out of the condition. Simple tics occur suddenly and last only a short period of time. Complex tics are patterns of movement that involve more muscle groups. Although the cause of Tourette syndrome is unknown, genetics, infections, and abnormalities of neurotransmitters in the brain may play a role.

Although a cure does not exist, medications may help to control tics. Haloperidol (Haldol), pimozide (Orap), and risperidone (Risperdal) are sometimes prescribed to help decrease the frequency and intensity of tics, however these medications should be used with caution due to the potential for severe side effects. Certain antidepressants, such as fluvoxamine (Luvox) and fluoxetine (Prozac) may be particularly useful for certain individuals. Psychotherapy also may be useful.

Control Angina Pain with Medications

2008-08-24T11:57:00.000-07:00

Angina is a heart-related condition caused by reduced flow of oxygenated blood to the heart itself. Stable angina, the most common type, is brought on by the increased oxygen demand on the heart caused by exertion, such as climbing a flight of stairs, and typically lasts only a few minutes. Unstable angina is a potential sign of a heart attack, which may occur unexpectedly while a person is at rest. Medical attention should be sought immediately when this occurs. Sensations of pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain in the center of the chest are descriptive of the symptoms and discomfort associated with the condition. Other symptoms include dizziness, fatigue, and shortness of breath.

Mild angina pain may be controlled with lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet, starting an exercise plan, and losing excess weight. Several medications are recommended for the management of angina. Nitroglycerin tablets may be placed under the tongue to allow more blood to flow to the heart. Aspirin helps the blood flow through arteries more easily by reducing the ability of the blood to clot. Beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors also may be prescribed. Ranolazine (Ranexa) is a newer medication approved for the treatment of stable angina.

Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs After Lifestyle Changes

2008-08-17T11:52:00.000-07:00

High levels of cholesterol in the body may lead to increased risk for heart attack or stroke. As a result of high cholesterol, fatty deposits may develop in blood vessels, and lead to a narrowing of arteries. This can cause a reduction in the delivery of oxygen-rich blood to the heart. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), also known as “bad” cholesterol, builds up in the arteries and causes hardening and narrowing of the arteries. High-density lipoprotein (HDL), also known as “good” cholesterol, retrieves excess cholesterol and returns it to the liver. There are no signs or symptoms of high cholesterol. A diagnosis of high cholesterol can be determined by a blood test. In general, total cholesterol should be below 200 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol should be less than 100 mg/dL, and HDL cholesterol should be above 50 mg/dL.

High cholesterol (above 100mg/dL LDL or greater than 200mg/dL total cholesterol) should first be addressed through lifestyle changes, such as physical activity and a nutritious diet. Medications may then be prescribed. Statin-type drugs such as simvastatin (Zocor) and atorvastatin (Lipitor) block a substance necessary for the production of cholesterol by the liver. Ezetimibe (Zetia) is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor.

Medications for High Blood Pressure

2008-08-10T11:51:00.000-07:00

Hypertension (high blood pressure) occurs when the heart pumps an increased amount of blood while the arteries become more narrow and resistant to blood flow. If left untreated, the risk of serious health conditions such as heart attack and stroke can increase. The risk of high blood pressure increases with age. Typically, there are no signs or symptoms to indicate the presence of hypertension until blood pressure has risen to undesirable levels. In most persons, the cause is unknown. Certain types of over-the-counter medications, such as decongestants, as well as certain types of prescription medications may cause an increase in a person’s blood pressure.

Lifestyle changes, such as eating a nutritious diet and getting regular physical activity, are helpful in treating high blood pressure. There are several categories of medications that may be prescribed, including thiazide diuretics, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Aliskiren (Tekturna) is a new renin inhibitor. This medication works to block the enzyme renin from initiating a chemical event that leads to increased blood pressure. While this medication may be used alone, it may be more effective when used in combination with other blood pressure medicines.

Drugs Used to Manage Type 2 Diabetes

2008-08-03T11:48:00.000-07:00

An estimated 20 million Americans have a condition commonly referred to as diabetes. With type 2 diabetes, there is insulin resistance or decreased production of natural body insulin. Insulin is a hormone responsible for decreasing the amount of glucose in the bloodstream and regulating the use of glucose by body cells. In type 2 diabetes, glucose builds up in the blood stream because of a malfunction in either the production of insulin or cellular resistance to insulin. Signs of type 2 diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, and extreme hunger. The cause is not clearly known, although abdominal fat and inactivity may play an important role.

Healthy eating and regular physical activity are key components of keeping diabetes under control. Diabetes medications may be required in addition to healthy lifestyle habits. Sulfonylurea drugs, such as glipizide (Glucotrol) work to help the body produce more insulin. Metformin (Glucophage) improves the body’s utilization of insulin, as well as helps the body to produce less glucose and absorb less glucose from food. Thiazolidinediones, such as pioglitazone (Actos) and rosiglitazone (Glyset) work to improve the body’s use of glucose and help the body produce less glucose. Insulin therapy may be necessary for some persons with diabetes.

Relief From this Contagious Skin Infection

2008-07-27T11:30:00.000-07:00

Impetigo is a skin infection caused by bacteria. It most commonly occurs in children, although adults also may be affected. Typically a red sore is the first sign, which then ruptures and oozes for several days, resulting in a yellowish-brown crust. Impetigo is contagious. It is transmissible through touching or scratching the affected area, and then touching other parts of the body or other persons. In children, a cut, scrape, or insect bite often leads to infection. Impetigo may be prevented by using soap and water to thoroughly wash the child’s skin. Although it is possible for complications to develop from this condition, typically impetigo will resolve within several weeks without treatment. Antibiotics may be prescribed to hasten treatment and prevent subsequent complications.

In mild cases, keeping the child’s skin clean will help the infection heal on its own. Topical antibiotics may be prescribed to be applied to the affected area. Mupirocin ointment (Bactroban) is a topical antibiotic that is sometimes prescribed for impetigo. Altabax (retapamulin ointment) is a new type of topical antimicrobial available for the treatment of impetigo in children and adults. Oral antibiotics may be prescribed for the more severe cases of impetigo.

Treatments for Swimmer’s Itch

2008-07-20T10:48:00.000-07:00

Swimmer’s itch may develop in response to certain parasites found in freshwater lakes and ponds. The medical term for this is also known as cercarial dermatitis. The parasites usually live on water wildlife, such as freshwater snails and ducks. When the water is calm and the day is hot and sunny, these parasites may be released into the water, and subsequently can burrow into the skin of swimmers. The parasites then die and the result is an itchy rash. The affected area may become red, itchy, and raised. Exposed areas of the skin while swimming are the most commonly affected areas.

Although the rash typically resolves in several days without treatment, the itching may be alleviated with over-the-counter medications or medications available with a prescription. Antihistamines available without a prescription, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and cetirizine (Zyrtec), as well as anti-itch creams containing calamine lotion may be useful in providing itch relief. Topical corticosteroid creams also may be applied to the affected area. For severe itching, prescription strength creams, such as fluocinonide (Lidex), may be prescribed. Nondrug treatment options include soaking in a bath of Epsom salts or oatmeal, or making a paste of baking soda and water to apply to the affected area.

Medicines for Problem Sleeping

2008-07-13T10:47:00.000-07:00

Insomnia is a condition in which the person affected has difficulty falling asleep or difficulty staying asleep. A lack of adequate sleep can lead to negative effects on our health. For example, the immune system may be adversely affected, as sleep plays a role in supporting the proper functioning of the immune system. It is estimated that one in 10 Americans are affected. There are a variety of factors that may contribute to sleepless nights, including stress, anxiety, and depression. Certain drugs, such as some anti-depressants and over-the-counter medications containing caffeine, may also contribute to insomnia.

Although sleep may be improved by behavioral therapies, medications are available to temporarily aid in improving sleep. Medications available with a prescription to improve sleep include zolpidem (Ambien), eszopiclone (Lunesta), zaleplon (Sonata), and ramelteon (Rozerem). These drugs are usually recommended for use on a short-term basis while combined with behavioral therapies. Trazodone (Desyrel),an anti-depressant, is also available for aiding sleep in persons affected by insomnia. Certain over-the-counter antihistamines may cause drowsiness and may be used occasionally. However, such drugs often do not continue to have the same effect with repeated use.

Proper Care for this Skin Condition

2008-07-06T10:45:00.000-07:00

Contact dermatitis is a medical term referring to things the skin encounters that causes it to become red and inflamed. Such things may include soap, cosmetics, jewelry, and certain plants. The rash that occurs is not contagious, and in most cases resolves within a few days to a couple of weeks. Other signs of contact dermatitis may include bumpy or dry skin. Only the area of skin exposed to the offending agent is affected. There are two categories of contact dermatitis: allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis. Irritant contact dermatitis is more common, and results from contact with an irritating substance, such as soap or cosmetics. Bleach and strong acids may be particularly irritating, as these substances may remove the skin’s protective barrier. Allergic contact dermatitis may occur in response to exposure to an allergen, such as rubber, perfume, and hair dyes.

The best treatment for contact dermatitis is to identify the irritating agent and then discontinue contact with that agent. Creams containing hydrocortisone applied topically may help alleviate the redness and itching. A wet dressing also may be applied to the affected area. Oral steroids and antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl), hydroxyzine (Atarax), and cetirizine (Zyrtec), may be required for more severe reactions.

Avoid the Sun When Taking This Acne Drug

2008-06-08T09:59:00.000-07:00

Acne is a condition of the skin that can affect persons at any age, although teenagers and women may be more likely to experience acne due to hormonal fluctuations. Acne may appear as comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts. Areas of the skin with a large amount of oil glands, such as the face, chest, and back, are more susceptible to the occurrence of acne. Acne may occur in response to the overproduction of oil, bacteria buildup, or shedding of skin cells.

A variety of treatment options are available for the varying levels of severity. Different treatments may work to decrease the production of oil, increase cell turnover, decrease inflammation, or to fight bacteria. Treatments available over-the-counter for mild acne include topical products containing the active ingredients benzoyl peroxide, sulfur, resorcinol, and salicylic acid. Topical treatments available with a prescription include tretinoin (Retin-A) and adapalene (Differin). Isotretinoin (Accutane) is a medication available to treat severe acne. Sunlight and artificial UV ray exposure should be avoided during treatment with this medication, as it may make the skin more sensitive to sunlight and increase the risk of sunburn. This medication also may cause severe birth defects, and therefore must not be taken by women who are pregnant or who may become pregnant.

Treatments of Rheumatoid Arthritis

2008-06-01T09:33:00.000-07:00

Rheumatoid arthritis is a condition of inflamed body joints. The synovium lining becomes inflamed in response to the presence of white blood cells. Cartilage, bone, tendons, and ligaments may be damaged in response to this rheumatoid process. Eventual joint destruction can occur. Signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis include joint pain and swelling, fatigue, fever, and weight loss. Smaller joints of the wrists, hands, ankles and feet are likely to be affected first, followed by progression to other joints such as the elbows, hips, and knees.

Although there is no cure available for rheumatoid arthritis, treatments are available. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and naproxen, are available both over-the-counter and in prescription strength for the relief of pain and inflammation. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are medications that work to decrease inflammation, pain, and joint damage. Examples include hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) and sulfasalazine (Azulfidine). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha blockers such as infliximab (Remicade), etanercept (Enbrel), and adalimumab (Humira) are medications that stop the progression of arthritis by blocking a step in the inflammation process.

Antibiotics and Other Treatments for Cystic Fibrosis

2008-05-25T07:05:00.000-07:00

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an inherited condition in which normally thin secretions, such as mucus and saliva from the nose and throat, become abnormally thick. In turn, the thick secretions lead to blockage in such vital organs as the pancreas and lungs. Thickened secretions block pancreatic enzymes that are necessary for the digestion of fats and proteins, as well as prevent the body from absorbing essential vitamins. In children and young adults, signs and symptoms of CF include coughing, wheezing, frequent chest and sinus infections, and clubbing of the fingertips and toes. A defective gene affects a protein that is involved in the normal exchange of salt into and out of cells, which contributes to the thickening of secretions characteristic of this condition.

Although there is no cure available for CF, treatments including antibiotics for lung infections are important for managing this condition. Dornase alfa (Pulmozyme) is an enzyme that works to breakdown DNA which is responsible for thickened mucus. Albuterol is a bronchodilator that works to keep bronchial tubes clear and open. This medication may be administered by an inhaler or a nebulizer. Children affected by CF also may use pain relievers, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), to potentially slow lung deterioration.

Treatments Prescribed for Schizophrenia

2008-05-18T09:53:00.000-07:00

Schizophrenia is a condition in which there is an abnormal interpretation of reality. Persons affected by schizophrenia may display both negative and positive symptoms. Negative symptoms include social withdrawal and lack of emotions. Hallucinations and delusions are examples of positive symptoms. Hallucinations include seeing or hearing things, such as voices, that are not real. Delusions are beliefs that are not based on reality.

Although the cause of schizophrenia is unknown, it is thought that a combination of genetics and environment may cause schizophrenia. The neurotransmitters dopamine and glutamate also may be involved in the cause of this condition.

Medications are commonly prescribed for schizophrenia. These drugs work by affecting levels of dopamine and serotonin in the brain. Typical antipsychotics, such as haloperidol (Haldol) and thioridazine, work by managing the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. However, these medications may cause severe side effects, such as tardive dyskinesia. Atypical antipsychotics such as quetiapine (Seroquel) and risperidone (Risperdal) are newer and work to manage both the positive and negative symptoms. Also, psychotherapy may be effective in combination with medicated treatment.

Drugs that Provide Relief for Hay Fever

2008-05-11T06:50:00.000-07:00

Many people are affected by seasonal allergies. In the springtime, various outdoor allergens such as flower buds and pollen cause an immune reaction in susceptible people. Reactions such as sneezing, congestion, and runny nose are characteristic of seasonal allergies. Sensitization is the process that occurs in individuals affected by hay fever, in which the immune system identifies the allergen as a foreign substance, and therefore produces an antibody, known as immunoglobulin E (IgE), against that allergen. These antibodies cause the release of substances such as histamine, which causes the characteristic signs and symptoms of hay fever.

Pseudoepedrine (Sudafed) is an oral decongestant available over-the-counter (OTC). Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) and oxymetazoline (Afrin) are available OTC nasal decongestants. Decongestant nasal sprays should not be used for longer than 2 or 3 days at a time. Antihistamines work to alleviate sneezing, runny nose, and itching. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton) are available OTC antihistamines. Loratadine (Claritin, Alavert) is a newer type of antihistamine that is less likely to cause sleepiness. Cromolyn sodium (NasalCrom) is an available OTC nasal spray, which works by preventing the release of histamine.

Medications to Improve Weight Loss

2008-05-04T06:25:00.000-07:00

Obesity is a medical term that refers to excessive amounts of body fat. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measurement that is used to categorize persons as either overweight or obese. This measure is calculated by a
mathematical equation involving both height and weight. For adults, a BMI above 25 generally refers to being overweight, while a BMI above 30 refers to obesity. Excessive amounts of body fat may increase the risk of
developing medical conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes. While genetics and hormonal changes may play a role in body weight, overweight and obesity are likely related to an imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended by the individual.

While lifestyle changes, such as increased physical activity and dietary modifications, play a significant role in weight loss, some individuals may be candidates for other treatment options when weight loss does not occur as expected. Medications available with a prescription for long-term weight loss include sibutramine (Meridia) and orlistat (Xenical). Sibutramine works by decreasing the time to feeling full after eating. Orlistat prevents the absorption of fat in the intestines. Orlistat (Alli) is also now available over-the-counter as a lower strength than prescription strength Xenical.

Sjogren’s Syndrome: Control of Symptoms

2008-04-27T12:58:00.000-07:00

Sjogren’s syndrome is a condition of an abnormally functioning immune system. Mucous membranes of the eyes and mouth are commonly affected, although other tissues may be involved. This condition often occurs in persons affected by other conditions of the immune system, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. The cause of Sjogren’s syndrome is unknown; however certain factors such as infections, heredity, and certain hormones are thought to potentially play a role in the development of this condition. Common signs and symptoms include dry eyes, dry mouth, fatigue, and dry skin. Joint pain and swelling also may occur.

Although there is no cure available for Sjogren’s syndrome, treatments are available to provide relief for symptoms. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen (Advil), work to alleviate pain and inflammation. Steroids help reduce inflammation, however serious side effects may result from long term use. Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) is an antimalarial medication that works to decrease joint inflammation. Pilocarpine (Salagen) may be prescribed to alleviate dry mouth. Cevimeline (Evoxac) also works to relieve dry mouth. Cyclosporine (Restasis) eye-drops may be prescribed for persons affected by Sjögren's syndrome.

Henrik Samuel Conrad Sjögren (July 23, 1899 - September 17, 1986)

What To Do About A Stye

2008-04-20T12:44:00.000-07:00

A stye is a painful red bump that appears on the eyelid. This bump is typically filled with pus and will eventually rupture. The rupture and release of pus usually lead to alleviation of associated pain. A stye is often caused by a type of bacteria called staphylococcus. Signs and symptoms include eyelid swelling, sensitivity to light, and tearing. Typically a stye will not affect vision. However, as the stye swells it may affect the ability to see clearly. It is possible for more than one stye to develop at the same time. Blepharitis, or inflammation of the eyelid, may occur as a result of multiple sties occurring at the same time.

Although a stye usually will disappear on its own in a few days, medications are available to treat this condition. A topical antibiotic, such as sulfacetamide, may be prescribed to treat the bacterial infection. In addition, a warm compress may be applied to the affected area for 10 minutes at a time, four times a day. This may help to alleviate the associated pain, as well as to cause the stye to rupture and drain sooner. Although a stye is not very contagious, good hand-washing techniques and avoiding touching the affected area are recommended. Children should be encouraged to follow these recommendations, as this age group may be more likely to develop a stye.

PKU: New Treatment Option Approved

2008-04-13T12:38:00.000-07:00

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare condition which involves a gene mutation at birth, leading to an insufficient amount of the enzyme required to break down the amino acid phenylalanine. Amino acids are needed to build protein. Therefore, phenylalanine is contained in foods high in protein. Persons with PKU may develop serious complications if foods high in protein are consumed. Symptoms range from mild to severe, including skin rashes, hyperactivity, stunted growth, and mental retardation.

The main treatment for PKU is a diet consisting of minimal amounts of phenylalanine. Persons with PKU should avoid all high-protein foods, such as eggs and meat, as well as products that contain aspartame (NutraSweet, Equal). Aspartame, found in many diet sodas, releases phenylalanine when digested. Other foods that may need to be limited include bread, cookies, and certain fruits and vegetables. Recently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved sapropterin dihydrochloride (Kuvan) for the treatment of certain persons with PKU. This medication works by decreasing levels of phenylalanine in persons with a specific type of PKU. This medication is the first medication approved for this condition, and should be used in conjunction with a diet limited in phenylalanine content.

Migraine Triggers May Include the Weather

2008-04-06T11:58:00.000-07:00

A migraine is a painful headache that may last from four to seventy-two hours if left untreated. Symptoms of a migraine may be severe and include nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. Some persons may experience an aura (scintillating scotoma), which is characterized by visual changes such as blind spots and flashes of light. Triggers for migraines vary from person to person, and include hormonal changes in women, certain foods, stress, bright lights, and changes in the environment. Some persons may be more likely to experience a migraine in response to certain types of weather changes, such as changes that occur with the temperature and barometric pressure.

Treatments are available to help decrease the frequency of migraines. Beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers, such as verapamil (Calan, Isoptin), work to decrease the severity and frequency of migraines. Tricyclic antidepressants, such as pro-triptyline (Vivactil) also work to prevent migraines through their effect on the level of serotonin in the brain. Medications used to treat migraines, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and triptans, should be taken at the first sign of a migraine. Triptans, such as sumatriptan (Imitrex), work to relieve pain and nausea of severe migraines.

Treatments for COPD

2008-01-27T17:39:00.000-08:00

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic lung condition in which lung airways are obstructed. Chronic bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, and emphysema are all forms of COPD. When the tubes and air sacs that make up the lungs become blocked, this leads to a person’s decreased ability to exhale, causing air to become trapped in the lungs. This leads to difficulty in breathing. Long-term smoking is a major cause of COPD. Symptoms include a persistent cough, increased mucus production, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. As a result, respiratory infections may occur more frequently.

While there is no cure for COPD and the damage of the condition is irreversible, treatments are available to alleviate symptoms and decrease the risk of complications. Persons who smoke should stop smoking. Inhaled bronchodilators work to relax muscles surrounding the airways, which helps to alleviate coughing and shortness of breath. Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) is a short-acting bronchodilator that is used to quickly relieve shortness of breath. Serevent (Salmeterol) is a long-acting bronchodilator that should be used on a regular basis and should not be used in an emergency situation. Fluticasone (Flovent) is an inhaled corticosteroid, which works to reduce airway inflammation and improve breathing.

Meniere’s Disease: Treatment Options

2008-01-20T17:37:00.000-08:00

Meniere’s disease is a condition that affects our balance and hearing. Attacks of vertigo characterize this condition, which may be severe and occur suddenly. Vertigo is a sensation that a person’s surroundings are moving or spinning. Balance and hearing are disrupted as a result of an increase of fluid pressure in the inner ear. Meniere’s disease is also characterized by ringing in the ear (tinnitus), pain in the ear, and hearing loss of the affected ear. Usually only one ear is affected by this condition, although rarely both ears may be affected. Hearing loss may progressively worsen over time, while attacks of vertigo actually decrease in frequency.

Meniere’s disease may significantly affect a person’s quality of life if left untreated. Anti-vertigo medications, such as meclizine (Antivert) may help to alleviate the sensation of spinning that may occur with vertigo. Prochlorperazine (Compazine) is may be prescribed to control associated nausea and vomiting. Serious attacks may also trigger anxiety, which may be managed with anti-anxiety medications such as alprazolam (Xanax). A diuretic may be prescribed to reduce fluid retention, which may help to reduce fluid pressure in the ear. Maxzide (triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide) is a combination diuretic medication that is sometimes prescribed.

Type 1 Diabetes and Insulin

2008-01-13T14:35:00.000-08:00

Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition involving an inability of the pancreas to produce adequate amounts of insulin. Insulin is necessary for the conversion of glucose into energy. Type 1 diabetes typically first appears during childhood or adolescence, although the condition may occur at any age and may occur due to genetic factors or certain types of viruses. In persons affected by type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks and destroys pancreatic cells where insulin is produced. Symptoms of type 1 diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, and weight loss.

Persons affected by type 1 diabetes need to regularly and frequently monitor blood sugar, as well as maintain a healthy weight and a healthy diet. Insulin injections or use of an insulin pump are treatment options for persons affected by this condition. Insulin is available in many different forms. Lispro (Humalog) and insulin aspart (Novolog) are rapidacting forms of insulin. Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R) is a short-acting form of insulin. Insulin glargine (Lantus) is a long-acting form of insulin. Pramlintide (Symlin) is another medication that may be prescribed to stabilize the sharp increase in blood sugar that occurs after meals.

Prevention & Treatment of Vein Inflammation

2008-01-03T14:31:00.000-08:00

Thrombophlebitis is a medical condition which occurs when vein inflammation is caused by a blood clot. Although this condition most commonly occurs in veins of the legs, veins of the arms and neck may also be affected. Superficial phlebitis is one type of this condition, which occurs when a vein near the surface of the skin is affected. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs when a vein deep within a muscle is affected. This is particularly threatening to health, as the clot may dislodge and travel to the lungs, resulting in a blocked pulmonary artery (pulmonary embolism). This condition often results from a period of prolonged inactivity, such as sitting for an extended time period in an airplane or car, or from an extended amount of bed rest after surgery. Symptoms of thrombophlebitis include warmth and tenderness in the affected area, as well as redness and swelling. A DVT in the leg may occur with no associated symptoms.

Medications are available for the treatment deep vein thrombosis. Injection of a blood thinner medication, such as the anticoagulant heparin, is used to help prevent a clot from getting larger. Warfarin (Coumadin) is an oral anticoagulant that may be taken for several months after the heparin treatment to further prevent clots from growing.

Drugs Used for Wilson’s Disease

2007-12-30T14:29:00.000-08:00

Wilson’s disease is an inherited condition. Excessive amounts of copper accumulate in various organs such as the liver and brain. Copper is an essential mineral needed for the development of bones, nerves, and collagen. In an otherwise healthy person, copper is absorbed from food and excess copper is excreted through bile produced by the liver. In persons with Wilson’s disease, copper is not adequately eliminated but instead accumulates. The condition is fatal if not properly treated. Symptoms may begin as early as age 5 or 6, however may not appear until later in life. Abdominal pain and yellowing of the skin are signs of liver damage that may be experienced as copper accumulates in the liver. Muscle spasms, tremors, and difficulty speaking are other signs of this condition.

The treatment for Wilson’s disease is aimed at removing excess copper from the body and the preventing copper build up. Penicillamine (Cuprimine, Depen) is a medication that chelates copper, thereby creating a form that is excreted in the urine. However, this medication may cause serious side effects. Trientine (Syprine) is also a chelating agent but causes less toxicity than penicillamine. Zinc acetate prevents the absorption of copper. Liver transplantation may be the only option for persons with serious liver problems.

Restless Leg Syndrome Treatment

2007-12-23T14:27:00.000-08:00

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is an uncomfortable sensation in the legs that occurs while a person is sitting or lying down. Individuals affected by this condition feel the need to get up and move around in order to alleviate the sensation. This condition may interfere with sleep. Signs and symptoms include leg twitching at night, including involuntary flexing and extension of the legs while sleeping. Twitching or kicking movements may occur hundreds of times throughout the night, and in more severe cases may also occur during waking hours. Symptoms tend to be experienced more commonly at night, and insomnia can result. Although the cause of RSL is unknown, it may be caused by an imbalance of dopamine in the brain.

Medications used to treat Parkinson’s disease, such as pramipexole (Mirapex) and ropinirole (Requip), have an effect on the level of dopamine in the brain, and can lead to a decrease in leg movement. Opioid type drugs such as Percocet (aetaminophen and oxycodone) and Vicodin (hydrocodone and acetaminophen) may alleviate symptoms, however carry an addictive potential at higher doses. Benzodiazepines are a type of medication that help to improve nighttime sleeping, however do not affect the leg movements.

Cushing’s Syndrome: Excessive Body Steroids

2007-12-16T14:24:00.000-08:00

Cushing’s syndrome is the name of a condition that most commonly occurs in response to high doses of steroids over an extended period of time. These steroids are similar to the natural hormone cortisol, which is produced by the adrenal glands. Steroid drugs that can lead to this condition include prednisone, dexamethasone (Decadron), and methylprednisolone (Medrol). These medications are sometimes prescribed to treat inflammatory conditions or to prevent organ transplantation rejection. Cushing’s can result from overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands. The overproduction may be related to a tumor. Signs of Cushing’s syndrome include a fatty hump between the shoulders, a rounded face, and purple or pink stretch marks on the skin. High blood pressure, bone loss, and diabetes are other potential consequences of this condition.

Treatment for Cushing’s syndrome is aimed at reducing the level of cortisol in the body. If the condition is caused by prolonged use of steroid medications, the dose may be adjusted or the person may be switched to a noncorticosteroid treatment. If the body is producing an excessive amount of cortisol, medications such as ketoconazole (Nizoral) and metyrapone (Metopirone) are sometimes prescribed.

Treatments for this Skin Condition

2007-12-09T14:21:00.000-08:00

Rosacea is a redness of the face. The condition primarily affects adults between the ages of 30 and 60. It is more common in women, although rosacea may develop in men, and tends to flare up for periods of time in cycles. Signs and symptoms of this condition include red areas on the face, small red bumps or pustules on the face, and a tendency to blush easily. Rosacea is sometimes confused with acne, however is very different from acne. Although the cause is still unknown, genetics and environment may play a role in the development of this condition. A blood vessel disorder which leads to facial swelling has been suggested as a possible cause. Sun damage, bacteria, and mites living in human hair follicles have also been suggested as potential causes, however none have been proven to be the definite cause.

Treatments are available to alleviate the signs and symptoms of rosacea. Topical antibiotics may be prescribed due to their anti-inflammatory effects. Metronidazole (Metrogel) is commonly prescribed for this condition. Azeleic acid (Azelex) also may be prescribed for reduction of the redness and inflammation. Oral antibiotics may also be prescribed, such as tetracycline, minocycline, and erythromycin. For more severe cases of inflammatory rosacea, isotretinoin (Accutane) may be prescribed.

Trigeminal Neuralgia is a Type of Facial Pain

2007-12-02T14:19:00.000-08:00

Painful attacks called trigeminal neuralgia may occur unprovoked or may be caused by stimulation of the face. Stimulation can occur from something as simple as brushing the teeth, shaving, or applying makeup. Pain may occur in only a small area of the face or it may spread across a wider area of the face. The attack may be as short as a few seconds, or it may last for a minute. Severe attacks may feel like an electric shock. This condition typically affects only one side of the face. The trigeminal nerve functions to transmit sensations from the face to the brain. When a normal artery or vein comes into contact with the trigeminal nerve, the pressure causes the nerve to misfire. Other conditions such as multiple sclerosis, a stroke, or a tumor may cause the pain of trigeminal neuralgia. A gentle breeze or smiling may trigger the pain.

Medications for trigeminal neuralgia decrease or block pain signals sent to the brain. Carbamazepine (Tegretol, Carbatrol), oxcarbazepine (Trileptal), and phenytoin (Dilantin) are anticonvulsant medications that physicians prescribe to treat trigeminal neuralgia. Baclofen is a muscle relaxant that is more effective when used in combination with carbamazepine or phenytoin. Surgery is also an option when medications do not control the pain.

Long QT Syndrome and Drugs

2007-11-25T13:43:00.000-08:00

Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is a condition that involves the electrical system of the heart. Cardiac arrest and sudden death are serious complications of the condition. This condition may be related to genetics, or may also be caused by certain drugs and other medical conditions. Many persons who have LQTS may never experience symptoms. Signs of this condition include fainting, seizures, and sudden death resulting from an abnormal heartbeat. Fainting may be triggered by exercise or startling noises.

If a drug is causing long QT syndrome, the physician may prescribe alternative medications that have not been shown to cause the long QT syndrome. When the condition is inherited, treatment may include medications, surgery, or changes in lifestyle. Treatments for long QT syndrome include beta-blocker drugs and potassium. Beta-blockers, such as nadolol (Corgard) and propranolol (Inderal), decrease the heart rate. These drugs help prevent the fast heartbeats that may be triggered by startling events or stressful situations. Potassium may also be given to decrease the QT interval. Options for persons who do not respond to drug therapy include an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, which works to monitor for arrhythmias and to stop potentially fatal irregular heart rhythms.

Treatment for Addison’s Disease

2007-11-18T13:27:00.000-08:00

Addison’s disease is a condition that involves the adrenal glands. In this condition, there is an inadequate amount of three hormones: cortisol, a glucocorticoid, and aldosterone. The adrenal glands are located just above the kidneys, and normally function to produce adequate amounts of these hormones. Two of the hormones are essential for converting food to energy, the inflammatory response, and our ability to respond to stress. Aldosterone is essential for balancing sodium, potassium, and water to regulate normal blood pressure. Addison’s disease may be the result of an autoimmune condition, in which the body’s immune system attacks the adrenal glands. Infections, tuberculosis, and cancers also may cause adrenal gland failure. Symptoms of this condition include muscle weakness, weight loss, decreased appetite, low blood pressure, low blood sugar, irritability, and salt craving.

Although Addison’s disease may be life threatening, hormonal treatment is available. Hydrocortisone and prednisone are drugs that are sometimes prescribed to replace the hormone cortisol. Aldosterone may be replaced by the medication fludrocortisone (Florinef). These replacement hormones are taken orally each day to simulate normal hormone production by the body.

What to Do About TMJ

2007-11-11T13:25:00.000-08:00

The temperomandibular joint (TMJ) joins the lower jawbone to the temporal bone of the skull. Muscles that allow the opening and closing of the mouth help this joint to function appropriately. TMJ disorders are experienced by between 5 and 15 percent of people in the United States. Women are more likely to be affected than men. The condition may cause pain or tenderness of the jaw, pain near the ear, discomfort while chewing, and headaches. The joint may also lock, causing difficulty in opening or closing the mouth. TMJ disorders may be caused by a variety of habits in response to stress, such as jaw clenching, teeth grinding, and slouching or pushing the head forward while working at a computer. Severe trauma of the jaw, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis have also been linked to TMJ.

Breaking habits related to stress that exacerbate TMJ and avoiding overusing the jaw muscles may help to alleviate associated symptoms. Applying warm, moist heat or ice to the side of the face often helps the muscles to relax, may also alleviate pain. Anti-inflammatory medications, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, may be recommended to decrease inflammation and pain. For more severe pain, steroids may be injected into the joint space. Surgical procedures are available if other treatments do not provide relief.

Treatments are Available for Preeclampisa

2007-11-04T13:22:00.000-08:00

A condition characterized by high blood pressure during pregnancy is called Preeclampsia. The condition is diagnosed when, after 20 weeks of pregnancy, elevated blood pressure and excess protein in the urine is present. Usually the condition is not severe, however serious complications may result, including seizures, placental abruption, and severe bleeding. Signs and symptoms include dizziness, severe headaches, vision changes, and upper abdominal pain. Potential causes include insufficient blood flow to the uterus and abnormalities of the blood vessels. The immune system and diet also may play a role. Pregnant women at increased risk for preeclampsia include those who have a family history of the condition, and are over the age of 35, obese, in the first pregnancy, or carrying twins.

Treatments are available to reduce the risk of complications. Bed rest may help decrease blood pressure and increase blood flow to the placenta. Steroids may be given to improve liver and platelet function. Early labor induction or a scheduled C-section may be required. Magnesium sulfate may be given intravenously during the delivery to prevent seizures and increase uterine blood flow. Blood pressure usually decreases to normal within several weeks following delivery.

Prescription Medications For Hair Loss

2007-10-28T13:17:00.000-07:00

Alopecia is the medical term for excessive hair loss from the scalp. It may be caused by genetics, medical conditions, or certain medications. The most common type of alopecia is called androgenic alopecia, or male pattern baldness, and is caused by genetics. Hair loss beginning at the temples and crown may begin in men as early as their teens. Men may then experience partial or complete baldness. Women may also experience hair thinning, however this rarely progresses to complete baldness.

Although there is no cure for baldness, treatments are available. Minoxidil (Rogaine) is available over-the-counter. This medication is a liquid that is applied to the scalp twice daily. Minoxidil works to cause hair regrowth, as well as to prevent further hair loss. Hair that is re-grown from this treatment may not be as long or thick as previous hair. New hair does not continue to grow beyond the duration of treatment with minoxidil. The treatment may cause irritation of the scalp. Finasteride (Propecia) is a medication available with a prescription to treat male pattern baldness. This medication works by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, which is a hormone that plays an important role in hair loss. This medication is not approved for use in women because of its potential to cause birth defects.

Treatment for Fungal Infections of the Nails

2007-10-21T13:14:00.000-07:00

Onychomycosis is the term for a nail fungal infection. Warm, moist environments are conducive to fungal growth. Fungi enter the skin either through a small cut or a separation between the nail and the nail bed. When the nails are continually exposed to moisture and warmth, nail fungal infections may develop. Toenails are more commonly affected than fingernails because shoes are likely to provide an environment to sustain fungal survival and growth. The infection may start as a white or yellow spot under the tip of the nail. As it spreads, the entire nail may discolor and thicken.

Oral prescription drugs for treating nail fungus include itraconazole (Sporanox), fluconazole (Diflucan), and terbinafine (Lamisil). These medications promote the growth of a new nail that is not infected, which will slowly replace the infected area. These medications may be taken for 6 to 12 weeks. It may take as long as 4 months for a healthy nail to fully grow back and the infection to be eliminated. Possible side effects of these medications include a skin rash and liver damage. Other nail fungus treatments include an antifungal nail polish called ciclopirox (Penlac). This method of treatment may be required for daily use for up to 1 year, although the infection may not be cured after a year of treatment.

Topical Medications for Dandruff Control

2007-10-14T13:12:00.000-07:00

Dandruff is a chronic condition of the scalp, characterized by itching and flaking of the scalp. The condition is not contagious, and usually can be kept under control. A yeast-like fungus has been discovered as a possible cause or trigger of this condition. This finding may lead to the development of improved treatments in the future. The fungus thought to be the cause of dandruff is called malassezia. This organism typically lives on the scalp of healthy adults without causing any abnormalities. However, an overgrowth of the fungus may result in visible dead skin cells. The overgrown fungus feeds on oils secreted by the hair follicles and causes irritation, leading to increased cell turnover.

In mild cases, shampooing with a gentle cleanser everyday may be enough to keep the condition under control. Over-the-counter dandruff shampoos available to treat this condition include those containing zinc pyrithione, such as Head and Shoulders and Selsun Salon. Antibacterial and antifungal products work by reducing the fungus. Neutrogena T/Gel is a tar-based shampoo that works by slowing cell turnover. Ketoconazole (Nizoral) is an antifungal that is available over-the-counter and as a prescription strength medication. Medicated shampoos are available if necessary for treatment.

Immunizations Decrease Lupus Risk

2007-10-07T13:09:00.000-07:00

Lupus is a condition in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues. The purpose of the immune system is to protect the body by attacking foreign invading substances. However, in some conditions, such as lupus, the immune system attacks healthy cells and tissues as well. The exact cause is unknown. Lupus may show up with different symptoms, such as joint pain, muscle pain, fatigue, and hair loss. Persons affected are more susceptible to infections because the immune system is no longer strong enough to prevent and fight infections.

Drugs used to treat lupus may increase susceptibility to infection. These include steroids and cytotoxic drugs. Azathioprine (Imuran) and cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) are cytotoxic drugs that decrease the normal functions of the immune system and raise the risk of infection. In most cases, however, controlling the condition with medications is more important than the risk of infection. Immunizations are one way to help decrease the risk of certain types of infections in persons affected with lupus. Although it is possible that live virus vaccines may trigger a lupus flare, live vaccines such as polio, measles, and tetanus are sometimes used in persons with lupus.

Management of Metabolic Syndrome

2007-09-30T12:52:00.000-07:00

Metabolic Syndrome is the result of several conditions occurring at the same time. They include increased blood pressure, increased insulin levels, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol levels. When present, these conditions increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Metabolic Syndrome is also sometimes referred to as Syndrome X and Insulin Resistance Ryndrome. One of the underlying causes of metabolic syndrome is resistance to insulin, which normally helps control the amount of sugar in the bloodstream. An increase in insulin may also result in increased triglyceride levels and an increase in blood pressure. Genetics may play a role in insulin resistance in some persons. Inactivity and obesity are other causes of this condition.

Lifestyle modifications such as increased physical activity, weight loss, and quitting smoking are ways to improve metabolic syndrome. Thirty to 60 minutes of exercise per day are recommended. When lifestyle modifications are not sufficient, medications may be prescribed. Medications such as hydrochlorothiazide may be prescribed for high blood pressure. Statin medications, such as atorvastatin (Lipitor) may improve cholesterol. Aspirin may help decrease the risk of heart attack and stroke.

Treatment for Asbestos-Related Cancer

2007-09-23T12:29:00.000-07:00

A rare type of cancer is associated with exposure to asbestos. Asbestos is a substance that has been shown to be carcinogenic and may place persons at risk for this condition after exposure for only a few weeks. A long period of time, for example 35 to 40 years, typically transpires between the time of initial exposure and development of malignant tumors. This condition involves the mesothelium, which is the cells lining an organ. Organs affected by this condition include the lungs, abdominal organs, and the heart. Cancer of the mesothelium is called mesothelioma. Early symptoms may be similar to those observed with pneumonia and can include shortness of breath, persistent cough, and chest and abdominal pain.

Although the survival rate for mesothelioma typically ranges from 4 to 12 months from the time of symptom onset, it is possible for persons affected by this condition to live for much longer. Available treatments for this condition include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. The preferred treatment is a combination of the chemotherapy medications pemetrexed (Alimta) and cisplatin. Folic acid and vitamin B12 must also be used with pemetrexed since this medication interferes with their normal metabolism. A combination of cisplatin and carboplatin may also be used.

Available Treatments for Sickle Cell Anemia

2007-09-16T12:27:00.000-07:00

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited condition in which there is not a sufficient amount of healthy red blood cells present to transport oxygen throughout the body. The red blood cells are irregularly shaped and die early, which leads to a shortage of red blood cells. Pain may result when red blood cells get stuck in small blood vessels. This causes a reduction in the amount of blood flow and oxygen to certain body parts. Although there is no cure for most persons affected by sickle cell anemia, treatments are available to help alleviate pain and associated complications. Persons with sickle cell anemia have 2 genes for the condition and usually show symptoms after 4 months of age. Symptoms include anemia associated with fatigue, pain, jaundice, and frequent infections.

While bone marrow transplant offers hope for a cure, most persons affected by sickle cell anemia do not have an appropriate donor. Medications used in the treatment of this condition include antibiotics and pain relievers. Penicillin is typically initiated in children with sickle cell anemia at 2 months of age and continued until 5 years of age to help prevent infections such as pneumonia. Hydroxyurea (Droxia, Hydrea) is a prescription medication which may be useful in adults to decrease pain and the need for blood transfusions.

Head Lice Prevention and Treatment

2007-09-09T12:25:00.000-07:00

Head lice are wingless insects that sometimes occur on the scalp and feed on blood. Lice infestations are itchy and spread easily, especially between school children. Head lice themselves are most visible at the nape of the neck and over the ears. Lice produce small eggs, also known as nits, which attach to the hair shaft and hatch in about one week, producing more lice. Symptoms of head lice include intense itching and small red bumps appearing on the scalp, neck, and shoulders.Although nits may be mistaken for dandruff, they can be distinguished because they are not easily brushed out of the hair. They are spread through close contact between family members or children interacting or playing close together. They also may be spread between items stored in close contact, such as clothing in closets or on close hooks at school, or personal items such as combs.

Although nonprescription shampoos may kill the lice, a stronger shampoo may need to be prescribed to get rid of the infestation. Lindane (Kwell) is prescribed to treat head lice. Irritation of the skin is a side effect that may occur with this medication. Treatment also involves getting rid of all the nits from bedding and clothing. Prevention includes making sure that children avoid sharing items such as hats, scarves, combs, and other personal belongings at school.

Reye’s Syndrome Linked to Aspirin

2007-09-02T12:23:00.000-07:00

Reye’s syndrome is a rare condition that is linked to the use of aspirin use in children. The condition is serious and may affect the blood, liver, and brain. Children and teenagers who are recovering from a viral infection and are treated with aspirin are at risk for developing this condition. When Reye’s syndrome occurs, the level of ammonia and acidity in the blood may increase while the level of sugar in the blood may decrease. Swelling of the liver and the brain may occur. Seizures may result, and eventual coma and death may occur. Symptoms of Reye’s syndrome may begin a week after a viral infection, such as from influenza or the chickenpox. Initial symptoms may include nausea and vomiting, abnormal lethargy, disoriented behavior, and a decrease in mental alertness. Reye’s syndrome occurs most commonly in children between the ages of 4 and 12 years.

Treatment may include intravenous fluids, such as glucose and electrolyte solutions. Insulin may be required in small amounts to help increase the metabolism of sugar. Steroids may be used to decrease brain swelling and inflammation. Diuretics, such as mannitol, are sometimes used to decrease swelling of the brain. If the condition becomes severe, a ventilator may be necessary to help the child breathe.

Who Should Get the Meningitis Vaccine?

2007-08-26T12:12:00.000-07:00

Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes and cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Most cases occur in persons between the ages of 15 and 24, and older adults tend to have a higher incidence than young children. In most instances, this is caused by a viral infection, although bacterial and fungal infections may also lead to this condition. Typically, bacterial meningitis is more severe than viral meningitis, and may be fatal if left untreated. Symptoms may include a high fever, severe headache, confusion, seizures, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light. Immunizations used to prevent bacterial meningitis include haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and meningococcal conjugate vaccine. Recently, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended that all teenagers between the ages of 11 and 18 years receive a bacterial meningitis vaccination to reduce the incidence of this condition.

Intravenous antibiotics are required for treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. The type of antibiotics used depends on the type of bacteria causing the condition. This may be determined by examining a sample of the cerebrospinal fluid. Rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers are recommended for associated fever and body aches. Antiviral medications also may be prescribed.

Sarcoidosis Starts in the Lungs

2007-08-19T12:08:00.000-07:00

Sarcoidosis is a condition that starts in the lungs and may spread to other body organs. The condition is characterized by inflammation. It is believed that it occurs due to an abnormal immune response which results from exposure to an unknown toxin, medication, or pathogen that has entered the body through the airways. The abnormal immune response causes small areas of inflammation, known as granulomas, to occur. There may be stiffening of the lungs, resulting in a reduced capacity of the lungs to hold air. Typically the condition resolves on its own within several years, although some persons may experience symptoms for the rest of their lives. When sarcoidosis affects only the lungs, symptoms such as shortness of breath and a cough may be experienced. Fever, weight loss, red, watery eyes, and small red bumps on the skin are other symptoms of this condition.

Prednisone is a strong anti-inflammatory drug that is sometimes prescribed for sarcoidosis. This medication works by mimicking the effects of hormones produced by the adrenal glands. Persons with sarcoidosis who require prednisone may continue on a low dose of the medication for several years. Serious side effects of prednisone include osteoporosis, cataracts, diabetes, and increased risk of infection.

Drugs May Trigger Sun Allergy Reactions

2007-08-12T12:05:00.000-07:00

A sun allergy, also referred to as photosensitivity, occurs when the immune system reacts to sunlight, resulting in an itchy red rash. Areas of the skin exposed to the sun, such as the neck, hands, arms, and legs, may be affected. Polymorphous light eruption (PMLE) is the second most common skin condition related to the sun, after sunburn. Another type of sun allergy, photoallergic eruption, occurs when a chemical applied to the skin combined with sun exposure triggers a skin reaction. Ingredients in sunscreen, fragrances, antibiotic ointments, and cosmetics may lead to this type of sun allergy. Certain types of prescription medications also may trigger a photoallergic eruption, including certain antibiotics, diuretics, and medications for mental health conditions. Symptoms of PMLE typically develop within several hours. Symptoms of photoallergic eruption may not appear until one or two days.

Protecting the skin from sun exposure is an important preventive measure. It is important to be aware of medications that are likely to cause a photoallergic eruption. For mild symptoms of PMLE, cool compresses and a nonprescription antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine, may be useful in alleviating itchiness. A topical steroid cream or a prescription-strength antihistamine may be prescribed for more severe symptoms.

Viral Encephalitis is Treatable

2007-08-05T12:02:00.000-07:00

Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain caused by a viral infection. There are two forms of this condition. Primary encephalitis occurs when the viral infection directly affects the brain and spinal cord. Secondary encephalitis occurs when the infection initially occurs in another place in the body, then travels to the brain. Most cases of encephalitis are mild, causing symptoms like headache and lethargy. More severe cases may be accompanied by confusion, severe headache, stiff neck, and seizures. Arborvirus encephalitis is the type transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks. This type of encephalitis is not very common. Other viruses that may lead to encephalitis include those which cause herpes and rabies. Avoiding these viruses is the best way to prevent viral encephalitis.

For mild cases, recommended treatment is rest and healthy eating, with plenty of fluids. Over-the-counter medications, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be used to alleviate fever and headache. Antiinflammatory drugs may help reduce swelling and pressure of the skull. When encephalitis is caused by the herpes-simplex virus or varicella zoster virus, antiviral drugs such as acyclovir (Zovirax) may be used for treatment. Gancyclovir (Cytovene) is another antiviral that may be used.

Medications to Help Prevent Vision Loss

2007-07-29T11:46:00.000-07:00

Macular degeneration (MD) is an eye condition that results when the retina deteriorates. The retina is the layer of tissue on the back wall of the eyeball, with a structure called the macula located in the center. The choroid is a layer of blood vessels that provides nourishment for the retina. An abnormality in these blood vessels cause the symptoms of this condition, also known as choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Central vision is affected, which is important for activities such as driving and reading. MD is related to aging, and is the leading cause of severe vision loss in persons over 60. One type, known as dry macular degeneration, is characterized by a need for brighter light when reading, difficulty recognizing faces, and a blind spot in the center of the visual field. Wet macular degeneration is characterized by visual distortions.

Although damage from this condition is not reversible, treatments are available which help decrease further vision loss. A type of medication called anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) is sometimes injected into the eye for the treatment of wet MD. Medications of this type include pegaptanib (Macugen) and ranibizumab (Lucentis). They work by stopping new CNV growth.

Available Treatments for Tonsillitis

2007-07-22T11:43:00.000-07:00

Tonsillitis is a condition of swollen and inflamed tonsils. The tonsils are useful for filtering bacteria and viruses that enter the body through the nose and mouth. Tonsilitis may result from excessive bacteria or viruses entering the body and affecting the tonsils. Children are commonly affected by this condition, particularly because of close contact in schools and daycare centers. In the past, surgery was the primary treatment for tonsillitis. It is becoming more common to use medications to treat this condition.

If a virus is the cause of tonsillitis, antibiotics are not useful treatment and instead rest and liquids are recommended. Over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen may be useful in decreasing pain and fever. Gargling with warm salt water is also recommended to help alleviate the symptoms of viral tonsillitis. It may take up to 2 weeks for the virus to run its course. When tonsillitis is caused by bacteria, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection. It is important to take antibiotics when prescribed for the entire length of time recommended by the doctor to ensure that the infection is completely out of the system. For children with frequent episodes of tonsillitis or complications such as difficulty swallowing or breathing, surgery may be recommended.

Treatment For Acromegaly

2007-07-15T11:38:00.000-07:00

Acromegaly is a hormonal condition in which the pituitary gland over-produces growth hormone. This is a rare condition typically affecting middle-aged adults. Characteristics of the condition include increase in bone size, including those of the hands, feet, and face. Enlarged hands and feet as well as facial changes are common signs. A pituitary tumor is the most common cause of over-production of growth hormone. Most are benign. Nonpituitary tumors also may cause this condition. These tumors may be removed surgically, however this is not always possible.

Treatment for acromegaly is directed towards decreasing growth hormone production and decreasing the effect of the tumor on the pituitary and nearby tissue. Medications may be prescribed to decrease the production of growth hormone, or block the action of growth hormone. The medication octreotide (Sandostatin) is a synthetic version of the hormone somatostatin. This medication works by interfering with excessive growth hormone production. Dopamine agonists, such as cabergoline (Dostinex) and bromocriptine (Parlodel) are oral medications which decrease levels of growth hormone. Pegvisomant (Somavert), a growth hormone antagonist, blocks the effect of growth hormone on body tissues.

Prevention & Treatment for this Common Virus

2007-07-08T11:34:00.000-07:00

Respiratory synctial virus (RSV) affects most children by 2 years of age. While adults may also be infected, infants are most severely affected by this virus. RSV may be transmitted through coughing or sneezing, and enters the body through the eyes, nose, and mouth. Symptoms typically appear within 4 to 6 days after exposure to the virus. In adults and children older than 3 years, mild symptoms such as sore throat, dry cough, and low-grade fever may occur. In children younger than 3 years of age, more serious conditions such as pneumonia may result. Symptoms in this age group include high fever, severe cough, and bluish colored skin due to lack of oxygen.

Over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) may help to reduce fever; however, they do not cure the infection. Antibiotics will not work against RSV since it is not a bacterial infection, however antibiotics are used for treating bacterial complications associated with the virus, such as an ear infection or bacterial pneumonia. For severe cases, a nebulized bronchodilator such as albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) may be used to alleviate wheezing by opening the lung air passages. Palivizumab (Synagis) is the name of an injection used to prevent serious RSV infection in infants and young children at high risk.

Treatment for this Painful Bladder Condition

2007-07-01T11:32:00.000-07:00

Interstitial cystitis is a painful condition affecting the urinary bladder. This chronic condition most commonly affects women. Symptoms include a persistent and urgent need to urinate, frequent urination during day and night, and pelvic pain. Persons affected by this condition may feel the need to urinate more often and in response to smaller volumes of fluid intake. A defect in the protective lining of the bladder, known as the epithelium, may be present in persons with interstitial cystitis. Although the exact cause of interstitial cystitis is unknown, it has been theorized that the cause involves hereditary, autoimmune, or infectious mechanisms.

Pentosan (Elmiron) is the only medication with specific FDA approval for the treatment of interstitial cystitis. This medication may provide pain relief and cause a decrease in urinary frequency. It may take up to several months for persons taking this medication to experience symptom relief. Women who are pregnant should not take this medication. Nonsteriodal pain medications, such as ibuprofen, may help in alleviating the discomfort often associated with interstitial cystitis. Amitriptyline and imipramine (Tofranil) are tricyclic antidepressants which may be prescribed to help relax the bladder and block pain.

A Different Type of Hypertension

2007-06-24T10:43:00.000-07:00

Pulmonary hypertension occurs when the pulmonary (lung) arteries are narrowed and therefore cannot carry as much blood. These arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs. The heart is strained because it needs to work harder to transport blood, and pressure builds up in the narrowed arteries. Shortness of breath with activity, fainting, and chest pain are common signs of pulmonary hypertension. When the cause is unknown, the condition is called primary pulmonary hypertension. Secondary pulmonary hypertension has a known cause, such as emphysema, chronic bronchitis, congestive heart failure, and chronic pulmonary thromboembolism.

Persons with pulmonary hypertension may benefit from breathing oxygen from a tank. Warfarin (Coumadin) is an anticoagulant, or blood-thinning medication, which helps blood flow more freely. Vasodilators, such as nifedipine (Procardia), lower pulmonary blood pressure in the lungs and may increase the pumping ability of the right side of the heart. Diuretics, such as furosemide (Lasix), work to remove extra fluid from the tissues and bloodstream, which causes reduced swelling and improved breathing. Bosentan (Tracleer) works to block endothelin, a substance that causes narrowed lung blood vessels.

Treatment For this Muscle Condition

2007-06-17T10:42:00.000-07:00

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular condition that results in fatigue and weakness of the voluntary muscles. The problem is a breakdown in communication between nerves and muscles. Normally, a chemical called acetylcholine sends nerve impulses to the muscles. In myasthenia gravis, the immune system produces antibodies which destroy or block receptor sites for acetylcholine in the muscles themselves. Muscles of the face and neck are most affected; however any muscle may be involved with this condition. Double vision, drooping eyelids, and difficulty chewing, swallowing, or breathing are all possible symptoms. Weakness of the limbs may also occur. While there is no cure for this condition, treatments are available to help alleviate the associated symptoms.

Cholinesterase inhibitors such as pyridostigmine (Mestinon) and neostigmine (Prostigmin) often improve neuromuscular communication, resulting in better muscle contraction and strength. Steroids decrease antibody production, however prolonged use may lead to serious side effects. Other medications which alter immune system function and may be prescribed for this condition include azathioprine (Imuran), mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) or cyclosporine (Sandimmune, Neoral).

Treatment for This Rare Skin Condition

2007-06-10T10:40:00.000-07:00

Scleroderma is a skin and connective tissue condition characterized by thickening and hardening of the skin. This condition is rare and occurs more commonly in women and adults. Symptoms include numbness in fingers, toes and face, joint stiffness, sores over joints, and puffy hands and feet. Blood vessels and internal organs may also be affected in some cases. Scleroderma occurs when collagen, a fibrous protein which comprises the connective tissues, is overproduced in the body, and therefore overaccumulates.

While there is no cure for scleroderma, medications are available to help alleviate symptoms and prevent further complications. For a localized condition, topical treatments, such as moisturizers or steroids may be prescribed to apply to the affected area. Medications which dilate blood vessels and improve circulation may also be prescribed. These include calcium channel blockers, such as Norvasc. Creams containing nitroglycerin also may improve circulation. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be given along with disease-modifying antirrheumatic drugs such as hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), penicillamine (Cuprimine, Depen), and methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall). Immunosuppressants, such as cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), may be used.

Relief for OCD Anxiety

2007-06-03T09:35:00.000-07:00

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a type of anxiety in which the person affected experiences repetition of thoughts and tasks. Up to 3 million Americans between the ages of 18 and 54 years of age may be affected by OCD at any given time. Persons with this condition may feel compelled to carry out certain rituals, for example excessive hand washing. Recurring obsessions, unwanted thoughts or impulses, and compulsions to repeat rituals to control the obsessions are symptoms of this condition. Although the cause of OCD is unknown, abnormalities in brain functioning may be related, particularly an imbalance of the chemical serotonin.

Counseling combined with medication is usually recommended. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are antidepressant medicines that are sometimes prescribed. These drugs increase levels of serotonin circulating in the brain. Fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and paroxetine (Paxil) are examples of SSRIs. Clomipramine (Anafranil) is another type of antidepressant that may be prescribed. Several weeks may be required before the antidepressant takes effect. All of these drugs can cause side effects such as nausea and drowsiness. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a type of counseling that may be useful as treatment for OCD when used in conjunction with medication.

Gout Treatment Recommendations

2007-05-27T08:28:00.000-07:00

Gout (gouty arthritis) is one type of arthritis in which sudden, severe, painful attacks occur in the joints. Although men are more likely to be affected by this condition, the risk in women increases after menopause. Symptoms typically occur at night, without warning, and may include intense pain in the joints, particularly in the big toe. Joint pain typically lasts from 5 to 10 days and then the discomfort resolves over 1 to 2 weeks. Joints affected by this condition are likely to be tender, red, and swollen. In persons affected by gout, the body either produces too much uric acid, or eliminates amounts from the body that are too small. The consequence is a build-up of uric acid, forming urate crystals in joints, which causes the pain, swelling and inflammation of gout.

Gout attacks may be treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs). These include naproxen (Aleve) and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin). For persons affected by more severe cases of gout, prednisone may be prescribed. Steroids also may be injected into the affected joint. Preventive medications may be prescribed, such as allopurinol (Zyloprim) and probenecid, to help decrease the severity of future episodes.

Steroids Given Early for Bell’s Palsy

2007-05-20T08:23:00.000-07:00

Bell’s palsy, weakness or paralysis of muscles on one side of the face caused by damage to a facial nerve, ranges from mild weakness to total paralysis on one side of the face. Symptoms of Bell’s palsy include headache, ear pain, sudden weakness on one side of the face, and possible loss of taste in the front of the tongue. This condition may occur at any age, although occurs more often in pregnant women, persons with diabetes, persons with compromised immune systems, and in persons with the flu or a cold. Bell’s palsy resolves on its own within several weeks or months in most persons. Although the exact cause of this condition is unknown, it is thought that an infection caused by the herpes simplex virus, results in swelling and injury of the facial nerve, which leads to weakness or paralysis of facial muscles.

Although it is not known whether treatment will affect the outcome of Bell’s palsy, as this condition typically resolves without treatment, there are medications that may be prescribed. Steroids, such as prednisone, may be prescribed within the first few days of symptoms to reduce inflammation and swelling. Acyclovir (Zovirax) and famciclovir (Famvir) are antivirals that are sometimes prescribed to help reduce damage to the facial nerve. Facial massages also may be prescribed.

Relief of Symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

2007-05-13T07:55:00.000-07:00

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition characterized by numbness, pain, and weakness of the hand. The carpal tunnel is a passageway found at the palm side of the wrist. The function of the tunnel is to protect the median nerve, as well as the tendons which bend the fingers. When pressure is applied to the nerve, the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome may eventually develop. Symptoms may include tingling or numbness in the fingers, pain extending from the wrist up to the shoulder or down to the fingers, and weakness on the hands. As carpal tunnel syndrome progresses, a constant loss of feeling in several fingers may be present. Carpal tunnel syndrome may be related to other health conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, thyroid disorder, and menpause. Other potential causes include repetitively flexing and extending hand and wrist tendons and injury to the wrist. Women are three times as likely as men to develop this condition.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications may help relieve symptoms if inflammation is involved. Hydrocortisone or other steroids may be injected into the carpal tunnel. Steroids work by decreasing inflammation, which in turn, relieves pressure on the median nerve. Surgery is also an option.

Antibiotics: Main Treatment for Lyme Disease

2007-05-06T07:48:00.000-07:00

Lyme disease is a bacterial infection transmitted by deer ticks. In the US, the Northeast, upper Midwest, and northern California are the areas most heavily affected by this condition. Asia and Europe also are affected by Lyme disease. The condition may cause flu-like symptoms, neurological problems, joint pain, and rash. The rash typically appears within several days to a month at the site of the bite. The redness associated with the bite expands over the next few days, eventually resembling a bull’s eye type pattern, with a red center surrounded by a clear area with a red ring around the area. The affected area may vary in size from a dime to up to twelve inches across.

The specific bacteria carried by deer ticks which causes Lyme disease is Borrelia burgdorferi. Oral antibiotics are the standard treatment for early-stage Lyme disease in children and adults. For those older than eight years of age, doxycycline is usually the antibiotic prescribed. Cefuroxime axetil is another antibiotic that may be prescribed for younger children, as well as adults. Typically, an antibiotic treatment course ranges from 10 to 21 days, which is usually sufficient for treatment as well as prevention of complications. For more advanced forms of Lyme disease, intravenous antibiotics may be necessary for 2 to 4 weeks.